Entry Nos. 1100–1199

1563 –1564

#1093

Opuscula anatomica.

Eustachius is credited with several anatomical discoveries, among them the tensor tympani muscle and the Eustachian tube, published in his chapter entitled De auditus organis. In the last respect, however, he was anti…

1677

#1100

Exercitatio anatomico-medica de glandulis intestinorum, earumque usu et affectionibus.

Independently of Bartholin and Rudbeck, George Joyliffe (1621-58) observed the lymphatics. He communicated his discovery to Glisson early in 1652 and the latter included an account in the above work (Cap. xxxi). See N…

1685

#1101

De ductu salivali novo, saliva, ductibus oculorum aquosis, et humore oculi aqueo.

Nuck’s name has been attached to the glands and duct described by him.

1774

#1102

Experimental inquiries: Part the second. Containing a description of the lymphatic system in the human subject and in other animals. Together with observations on the lymph, and the changes which it undergoes in some diseases.

Hewson gave the first complete account of the anatomical peculiarities of the lymphatics. He divided the lymphatics into two groups – superficial and deep. He described the leucocytes as derived from the lymphatic gla…

1786

#1103

The anatomy of the absorbing vessels of the human body.

With Hunter and Hewson, Cruikshank laid the foundation of modern knowledge concerning the lymphatics. He was Dr. Johnson’s physician and William Hunter’s assistant.

1787

#1104

Vasorum lymphaticorum corporis humani historia et ichnographia.

Mascagni, Professor of Anatomy at Siena, made several discoveries regarding the lymphatics. His beautiful atlas contained 41 engravings of the lymphatics and gained him lasting fame. He had previously published a Prod…

1837

#1105

Microscopische Beobachtungen über die sichtbare Fortbewegung der Lymphkörnchen in den Lymphgefässen der Froschlarven.

1849

#1106

De cursu lymphae in vasis lymphaticis.

Noll advanced the theory that lymph is formed by the diffusion of fluids from the blood through the vessel walls into the surrounding tissues.

1861

#1107

Untersuchungen über den Bau der Lymphdrüsen.

Histology of the lymphatics. His drew the illustrations.

1862

#1108

Die Lymphgefässe und ihre Beziehung zum Bindegewebe.

“Recklinghausen’s canals”, the lymph canaliculi.

1863

#1109

Ueber das Epithel der Lymphgefässwurzeln und über die von Recklinghausen’schen Saftcanälchen.

1874 –1875

#1110

Anatomie, physiologie, pathologie des vaisseaux lymphatiques.

Notable for its illustrations.

1884

#1111

Ueber den lymphatischenApparat des Pharynx.

“Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring”, the lymphoid ring of the nasopharynx.

1894

#1112

The influence of mechanical factors on lymph production.

1913

#1113

The origin and development of the lymphatic system.

1933

#1114

The quantitative study of lymphocyte production.

1656

#1116

Adenographia: sive, glandularum totius corporis descriptio.

Wharton described the duct of the submaxillary salivary gland (“Wharton’s duct”). He described the thyroid more accurately than his predecessors, naming it. He also described “Wharton’s jelly” of the umbilical cord (p…

1775

#1117

Recherches sur les maladies chroniques. Vol. 1. Analyse médicinale du sang.

De Bordeu first conceived the idea of internal secretion by his hypothesis that every organ, tissue, and cell discharges into the blood products which influence other parts of the body. His work was published in a col…

1801

#1118

Le sang, est-il identique dans tous les vaisseaux qu’il parcourt?

Like de Bordeu, and more definitely, Legallois anticipated the conception of internal secretions. He surmised from the identity in composition of all varieties of arterial blood and the diversity of venous blood in di…

1832

#1119

The anatomy of the thymus gland.

Cooper, the most popular surgeon in London during the early part of the 19th century, was connected with both Guy’s and St. Thomas’s Hospitals. Among his best works is his description of the thymus; he described the “…

1878

#1120

Ueber secretorische und trophische Drüsennerven.

Investigation of the secretory and trophic nerves of glands. Heidenhain considered all secretory phenomena to be intracellular, rather than mechanical, processes.

1904

#1121

The chemical regulation of the secretory process.

Bayliss and Starling developed the theory of hormonal control of internal secretion.

1905

#1122

The Croonian Lectures on the chemical correlation of the functions of the body.

Starling constructed a general scheme of the “hormones” as he named the internal secretions. This is the first appearance of the word, which was suggested by W. B. Hardy.

1910

#1123

Innere Sekretion.

Biedl showed that the adrenal cortex is essential for life. His classic work shows the rapid development of the knowledge concerning endocrinology. In 1890 there were few publications dealing with internal secretion, …

1915

#1124

Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. An account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement.

Observation of the effect of strong emotions on gastrointestinal motility (No. 1029) led Cannon to examination of the sympathetic nervous system and its emergency function. Cannon showed the close connexion between th…

1929 –1934

#1125

Die Hormone; ihre Physiologie und Pharmakologie. 2 vols.

1836

#1126

Observations on the thyroid gland, with notes on the same subject by Sir Astley Cooper.

King, sometimes referred to as the “father of endocrinology”, antici-pated the endocrine action of the thyroid.

1880

#1127

Om en ny körtel hos menniskan och atskilliga däggdjur.

Remak, Owen, and Virchow had previously noted the presence of what may have been parathyroids; the first systematic account of them was given by Sandström. An English translation of this paper appeared in Bull. Inst. …

1884 –1885

#1128

On the function of the Thyroid gland.

From his experimental work Horsley produced evidence to support the view that myxoedema, cretinism and operative cachexia strumpriva are all due to thyroid deficiency.

1886

#1129

Functional nervous disorders due to loss of thyroid gland and pituitary body.

First successful experimental hypophysectomy; two dogs survived five and six months respectively after this operation.

1891

#1130

Sur les fonctions du corps thyroïde.

Gley re-discovered the parathyroids and later came across Sandström’s description (see No. 1127). Gley seems to have been the first to understand their real significance; his work showed the necessity of the parathyro…

1895 –1896

#1131

Ueber das normale vorkommen von Jod im Thierkörper.

Demonstration of the presence of iodine in organic combination in the thyroid. Baumann isolated an iodine-containing compound (“Thyrojodin”). The biochemical research stimulated by this work led eventually to the disc…

1909

#1132

Studies on thyroid. I. The relation of iodine to the physiological activity of thyroid preparations.

1915

#1133

The isolation in crystalline form of the compound containing iodine, which occurs in the thyroid; its chemical nature and physiologic activity.

Kendall isolated in crystalline form the thyroid hormone “thyroxine” on Christmas Day, 1914.

1923

#1134

The acetonitril test for thyroid and of some alterations of metabolism.

The acetonitril test was introduced by Hunt in 1905 (J. biol. Chem., 1, 33) and later modified by him. It shows the activity of thyroid preparations to be proportional to their iodine content.

1923

#1135

An elementary chemical study of the parathyroid glands of cattle.

Hanson isolated the first really potent parathyroid extract.

1925

#1136

The extraction of a parathyroid hormone which will prevent or control parathyroid tetany and which regulates the level of blood calcium.

Isolation of parathormone, the active principle of the parathyroids. Collip’s “parathormone”. He showed that it raises the calcium level in para-thyroidectomized dogs.

1926

#1137

Chemistry of thyroxine I.

Harington showed that thyroxine is a derivative of tyrosine, and he gave its formula as C15H11O4NI4.

1927

#1138

Chemistry of thyroxine. III. Constitution and synthesis of thyroxine.

Synthesis of thyroxine.

1856

#1140

Recherches expérimentales sur la physiologie et la pathologie des capsules surrénales.

Brown-Séquard found that excision of both adrenals in animals invariably proved fatal, thus determining their indispensability. He also believed that they had an antitoxic influence upon the blood. His experimental wo…

1856

#1141

Note sur quelques réactions propres à la substance des capsules surrénales.

Vulpian discovered adrenaline in the adrenal medulla.

1895

#1143

The physiological effects of extracts of the suprarenal capsules.

These workers demonstrated the existence of a pressor substance (adrenaline) in the adrenal medulla. Preliminary communications regarding the above appeared in the proceedings of the Physiological Society, J. Physiol.…

1897

#1144

On the blood-pressure-raising constituent of the suprarenal capsule.

Abel and Crawford further investigated the pressor substance of Oliver and Schäfer calling it “epinephrine”.

1899

#1145

Ueber den blutdruckerregenden Bestandtheil der Nebenniere, das Epinephrin.

1901

#1146

The blood-pressure-raising principle of the suprarenal glands.

Isolation of adrenaline.

1901

#1147

A preliminary report on the active principle of the suprarenal gland.

Independently of Takamine, Aldrich succeeded in isolating adrenaline in a crystalline form. He gave it the formula C9H13NO3. Adrenaline was the first hormone to be isolated.

1927

#1148

Further studies on adrenal insufficiency in dogs.

Cortical hormone first obtained.

1929

#1149

The preparation of an active extract of the supra-renal cortex.

First practical method of preparing an extract of the active agent of the adrenal cortical hormone. It was named cortin until it was recognized that there are several active agents in the secretion.

1934

#1150

Isolation in crystalline form of the hormone essential to life from the suprarenal cortex; its chemical nature and physiologic properties.

Together with H. L. Mason, B. F. McKenzie, C. S. Myers, and G. A. Koelsche, Kendall reported the isolation in crystalline form of cortin ('C20H30O5)'

1936

#1151

A physiologic and chemical investigation of the suprarenal cortex.

Isolation of nine closely related steroid hormones from adrenal cortical extracts; one of these was Compound E (C21H28O5) which in 1939 was renamed cortisone. With H. L. Mason, C. S. Myers, and W. D. Allers. See also …