Facets

1531

#7627

Tacuini sanitatis Elluchasem Elimithar Medici de Baldath, de sex rebus non naturalibus, earum naturis, operationibus, & rectificationibus, publico omnium usui, conseruandae sanitatis, recens exarati. Albengnefit De uirtutibus medicinarum, & ciborum. Iac. Alkindus De rerum gradibus.

A Christian physician of Baghdad, Ibn Butlān traveled widely, eventually settling in Antioch. His treatise on hygiene and dietetics, Taqwām al-sihhah (The Almanac of Health) presented a guide to medical regimen in tab…

1650

#3729

De rachitide sive morbo puerili, qui vulgo The Rickets dicitur tractatus.

Although anticipated by Whistler and others in the description of infantile rickets, Glisson’s account was the fullest that had till then appeared. He was first (Chap. 22) to describe infantile scurvy. Glisson’s book …

1667

#577

Elementorum myologiae specimen.

In this work Stensen, in collaboration with the mathematician Vincenzio Viviani (1622-1703), a pupil of Galileo, developed a geometrical description of muscular contraction, and attempted to show theoretically that mu…

1667

#9644

De vi percussionis liber.

Building on the theory of mechanics as formulated by Aristotle and Galileo, and countering objections expressed by Stephani degli Angeli among others, Borelli presented a completely mechanical account of the action of…

1680 –1681

#3669.3

De motu animalium. 2 pts.

Borelli originated the neurogenic theory of the heart’s action and first suggested that the circulation resembled a simple hydraulic system. He was the first to insist that the heart beat was a simple muscular contrac…

1683

#4162

De urinis et pulsibus de missione sanguinis de febribus de morbis capitis, et pectoris.

Bellini began to develop his hydraulic iatromechanics in this work, in which he considered the blood as a physical fluid with simple mechanical and mathematicizable properties. He realized the value of the urine as an…

1694

#10492

Dissertatio inauguralis physico-anatomica de motu musculorum.

Digital facsimile from e-rara.ch at this link. Facsimile edition translated into English, with a related thesis by Bernouilli, by Paul Macquet, assisted by August Zigellar, with an introduction by Troels Kardel as Dis…

1704

#10160

De imperio solis ac lunae in corpora humana, et morbis inde oriundis.

Mead formulated the position that periodic atmospheric tides arising from planetary forces produced alterations of gravity, elasticity, and air pressure; these changes, he argued, affected the human body in health and…

1708

#11673

An account of animal secretion, the quantity of blood in the humane body, and muscular motion.

Keill applied measurement and mathematics in his researches, claiming the "first calculations of the absolute velocity at which blood travels through the aorta and smaller vessels; he also recognized that the blood's …

1710

#12498

An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes.

"Arbuthnot examined birth records in London for each of the 82 years from 1629 to 1710 and the human sex ratio at birth: in every year, the number of males born in London exceeded the number of females. If the probabi…

1731

#9461

Tabular observations recommended as the plainest and surest way of practising and improving physick. In a letter to a friend.

Clifton argued that physicians should base their judgments about the effects of treatments on a sufficient number of their own observations, or trusted observations by other physicians, rather than on the correlation …

1732

#9460

The state of physick, ancient and modern, briefly considered: with a plan for the improvement of it.

Instead of assessing the efficacy of therapies by their correlation with theories, Clifton argued that physicians should base their judgments about the effects of treatments on a sufficient number of their own observa…

1738

#11713

Dissertatio de structura et motu musculari.

This was the text of the first Croonian Lecture at the Royal Society. In it Stuart promoted a strictly hydraulic iatromechanism as a theory of muscular motion. This work was translated into English in 1739. Digital fa…

1763

#8370

An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances

Bayes's paper enunciated Bayes's Theorem for calculating "inverse probabilities”—the basis for methods of extracting patterns from data in decision analysis, data mining, statistical learning machines, Bayesian networ…

1779

#9467

Observations on the management of the prevailing diseases particularly in the Army and Navy; together with a review of that in other countries, and arithmetical calculations of the comparative success of different methods of cure.

Millar promoted mathematical methods for computing the comparative success of different methods of cure. Digital facsimile from Google Books at this link.

1825

#8375

On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies.

Gompertz function. "Gompertz showed that over much of the adult human lifespan, age-specific mortality rates increased in an exponential manner. Gompertz's work played an important role in shaping the emerging statist…

1833

#411.1

The hand: Its mechanism and vital endowments as evincing design.

Classic work on the anatomy, physiology, bio-mechanics, comparative anatomy, and adaptive importance of the hand. Issued as a volume in a series entitled the "Bridgewater Treatises." The first edition has 288pp. An en…

1835

#1698.1

Sur l’homme et le développement des facultés, ou essai de physique sociale. 2 vols.

Quetelet’s statistical researches on the development of the physical and intellectual qualities of man, and an exposition of his concept of the “average man”, which became the by-word of quantitative studies. "Quétele…

1836

#604

Mechanik der menschlichen Gehwerkzeuge. 1 vol. and atlas.

A pioneering study of the physiology and biomechanics of motion and locomotion. The atlas contains four illustrations that were printed directly from actual bones embedded in plaster of Paris. This is one of the only …

1838

#145.57

Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son accroissement.

Verhulst constructed the simplest mathematical model of a continously growing population with an upper limit to its size.

1845

#145.58

Recherches mathématiques sur la loi d’accroissement de la population.

In his second paper on population growth Verhulst introduced the term, logistic. He modified his equation so its early part is exponential and becomes logistic only after a definite length of time. Verhulst published …

1859

#7388

On the construction of life-tables, illustrated by a new life-table of the healthy districts of England.

Preliminary report, describing the use of the Scheutz Engine no. 3, a Babbage-style difference engine, to prepare life tables. The report's table B1, "Life-Table of Healthy English Districts," printed from stereotype …

1859

#9972

The natural history of the European seas. Edited and continued by Robert Godwin-Austen.

Digital facsimile from Biodiversity Heritage Library at this link.

1860

#4972

Elemente der Psychophysik. 2 vols.

The first treatise on the subject. Fechner applied the laws of mathematical physics to the physiology of sensation. He discussed the functional relations of the dependence between mind and body and investigated the cu…

1860

#8376

On the law of mortality and the construction of annuity tables.

Gompertz-Makeham law. Makeham proposed the age-independent Makeham term that, together with the exponentially age-dependent Gompertz term, compose the Gompertz-Makeham law of mortality--one of the most effective theor…

1864

#1700.1

English life table. Tables of lifetimes, annuities, and premiums.

First extensive application of a mechanical computer to medical statistics. The appendix details the use of the Scheutz version of Charles Babbage’s calculating machine in the construction of English Life Table No. 3.…

1873

#628

Principles of animal mechanics.

Haughton stated that the muscular mechanism is so arranged that its work is carried out with the minimum of muscular contraction. This he called the “principle of least action”. His opposition to Darwinism is especial…

1873

#7483

The depths of the sea. An account of the general results of the dredging cruises of H. M. SS. 'Porcupine' and 'Lightning during the summers of 1868, 1869, and 1870, under the scientific direction of Dr. Carpenter, F.R.S., J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., and Dr. Wyville Thomson, F.R.S.

Digital facsimile from the Internet Archive at this link.

1877

#7484

The voyage of the "Challenger": The Atlantic: A preliminary account of the general results of th exploring voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" during the year 1873 and the early part of the year 1876. 2 vols.

Digital facsimile of the first American edition (1878) from the Biodiversity Heritage Library, Internet Archive, at this link.

1877

#9532

The mortality of surgical operations in the upper lake states, compared with that of other regions.

Digital facsimile from the Hathi Trust at this link.

1878

#228.1

Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen.

Bates’s theory of mimicry did not account for the superficial resemblances between two or more unpalatable species. Müller explained such mimicry, known today as “Müllerian mimicry”. A predator must learn which potent…

1879

#9627

Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger; being an account of observations made during the Voyage of H.M.S.Challenger round the world in the years 1872-1876. Under the Command of Capt. Sir G. S.Nares and Capt. F. T. Thomson.

Includes descriptions of the natural history of Teneriffe, St. Thomas, Bermuda; Azores, Madeira, Cape Verdes; St. Paul’s Rocks and Fernando Do Norhona; Bahia; Tristan Da Cunha, Inaccessible Island; Nightingale Island;…

1880 –1895

#9626

Report on the scientific results of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873-76, under the command of Captain George S. Nares… and Captain Frank Tourle Thomson. 42 vols. in 50.

This work edited by John Murray and Charles Wyville Thomson, and completed by Murray after Thomson's death, was published over a 15 year period, and included about 29,500 pages and more than 3,280 plates. It treated i…

1883

#230

Inquiries into human faculty and its development.

Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin, founded the science of Eugenics. In his important Inquiries he showed mathematically “the results of his experiments on the relations between the powers of visual imagery and of abstr…

1885

#1704

Vital statistics. A memorial volume of selections from the reports and writings of William Farr.

Farr applied statistical methods to epidemiology and was the first mathematically to express the rise and fall of epidemic diseases, thus making possible the more accurate prediction of the occurrence of epidemics.

1889

#1705

On vital and medical statistics.

1889

#233

Natural inheritance.

By the employment of statistical methods Galton propounded a “law of filial regression”. This book represents the first statistical study of biological variation and inheritance.

1889

#12646

Über den Schwerpunkt des menschlichen Körpers mit Rücksicht auf die Ausrüstung des deutschen Infanteristen.

Translated into English by P.G.J. Maquet and R. Furlong as On the centre of gravity of the human body as related to the equipment of the German infantry soldier. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

1891

#637

Die Bewegungen des Kniegelenkes.

Investigation of the mechanics of motion of the knee joint on mathematical lines. See also No. 645.

1891

#638

Le travail musculaire et l’énergie qu’il représente.

Important studies on thermodynamics of muscular work.

1892

#641

Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen.

“Wolff’s law” stated that every change in form and function of a bone, or in its function alone, is followed by certain definite changes in its internal architecture and equally definite secondary alterations in its m…

1892

#12647

Bestimmung der Trägheitsmomente des menschlichen Körpers und seiner Glieder.

Translated into English by P. Maquet and R. Furlong as Determination of the moments of intertia of the human body and its limbs. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

1893

#93

Leonardo da Vinci: Codice sul volo degli uccelli e varie altre materie. Pubblicato da Teodoro Sabachnikoff. Transcrizione e note di Giovanni Piumati; traduzione francese di Carlo Ravaisson-Mollien.

The scientific study of the mechanics of flight begins with Leonardo’s investigations on birds, undertaken during his attempts to build a flying machine. At the time of publication Sabachnikoff owned the manuscript. A…

1894

#643

Le mouvement.

Marey, like Muybridge (No. 650-51), was a pioneer in the use of serial pictures as a method of studying the mechanics of locomotion. English translation, 1895.

1895 –1904

#645

Der Gang des Menschen. 1-6 Abt. (All published.)

Classic study of the human gait. The authors calculated the external and internal forces involved in walking and described the kinematics and kinetics of the movement. Because of Braune's death in 1892 he could only c…

1895

#9320

The mental development of the child and the race.

A central text in the development of social psychology in North America; now also considered a pioneering study of adaptive learning, and in this sense a precursor to research in artificial intelligence. Digital facsi…

1896

#2001

Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence.

The discovery of radioactivity – research stimulated by Roentgen’s discovery of x rays. In 1903 Becquerel received half of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered …

1897

#1706

The chances of death and other studies in evolution. 2 vols.

1899

#650

Animals in motion.

1899

#1707

Statistical methods, with special reference to biological variation.

Davenport introduced statistical methods into American evolutionary studies.