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267 entries match Nobel Prizes [K01.150.567]
1980
#14246
The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine.
In 1978 Furchgott discovered a substance in endothelial cells that relaxes blood vessels, calling it endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). By 1986, he had worked out EDRF's nature and mechanism of action, and de…
1980
#14255
Transport of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein in a cell-free extract.
See also: Fries & Rothman, "Transient activity of Golgi-like membranes as donors of vescular stomatitis viral glycoprotein in vitro," J. Cell. Biol., 90, 1981, 697-704. "Rothman's research[15] details how vesicles—tin…
1980
#14256
The identification of 23 complementation groups required for post-translational events in the yeast secretory pathway.
See also: Novick, P., Ferro, S. and Schekman, R. "Order of events in the yeast secretory pathway," Cell, 25, 1981, 461-469. In 1979 Schekman devised a genetic selection for temperature-conditional secretion-defective …
1981
#13285
Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos.
Evans and Kauffman were the first to identify, isolate and successfully culture embryonic stem cells using mouse blastocysts. This discovery opened the doors to the creation of “murine genetic models” -- mice that hav…
1981
#14183
Computer averaging of electron micrographs of the 405 ribosomal subunit.
Frank and colleagues developed a method that allows sorting of particle images into classes based on their orientation, as well as their structural features. Specifically Frank developed mathematical tools used for im…
1981
#14224
The crystallization of ribsomal proteins from the 50 S subunit of the Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosome.
The authors crystallized fragments of the 50S subunit of a thermophile bacterium’s ribosome to 3 angstroms resolution. Order of authorship in the original publication: Appelt, Dyck, et al., Yonath. Digital facsimile f…
1982
#10140
Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause Scrapie.
In 1997 Prusiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection." In his 1982 paper Prusiner proposed a completely novel explanation for th…
1982
#13932
Self-splicing RNA: Autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of tetrahymena.
Discovery of ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes). Cech discovered that RNA itself could cut strands of RNA, suggesting that life might have started as RNA. "In the 1970s, Cech had been studying the splicing of RNA in…
1982
#14266
Tumor-specific antigen of murine T-lymphoma defined with monoclonal antibody.
In 1982 Allison discovered the T-cell receptor. Order of authorship in the original publication: Allison, Bloch, McIntyre.
1983
#6996
Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). In 2008 Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus." The other h…
1983
#8475
Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis.
In 2005 Marshall and Warren shared the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease." See also their follow-up pape…
1983
#12632
Ivermectin: A potent new antiparasitic agent.
Abstract "Ivermectin is the 22,23-dihydro derivative of avermectin B1, a macrocyclic lactone produced by an actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis. It is active at extremely low dosage against a wide variety of nemato…
1983
#14140
Mammalian beta-adrenergic receptors. Structural differences in beta 1 and beta 2 subtypes revealed by peptide maps.
Lefkowitz and colleagues showed that there are two different types of beta receptors, distinguishing them as Beta-1 and Beta-2. They noticed that each has specific pharmacological characteristics. Order of authorship …
1983
#14254
Cyclin: A protein specified by maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division.
"It was at Woods Hole around July 1982, using Arbacia sea urchin eggs as his model organism, that he discovered cyclin proteins.[12] Cyclins play a key role in regulating the cell-division cycle.[16] Hunt was observin…
1984
#14263
Molecular analysis of the period locus in Drosophila malanogaster and identification of a transcript involved in biological rhythms.
Rosbach and colleagues, including Jeffrey C. Hall, sequenced the Drosophila period gene in 1984. Full text available from cell.com at this link. Order of authorship in the original publication: Reddy, Zehring, Wheeler…
1984
#14265
Restoration of circadian behavioral rhythms by gene transfer in Drosophila.
"At The Rockefeller University in the early 1980s, Young and his two lab members, Ted Bargiello and Rob Jackson, further investigated the circadian period gene in Drosophila. They constructed segments of recombinant D…
1985
#8388
Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts.
Blackburn and Grieder discovered telomerase in the ciliate Tetrahymena. In 2009 Blackburn and Grieder shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of how chromosomes are pro…
1985
#10785
Enzymatic amplication of B-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.
Polymerase chain reaction first published. With Randall K. Saiki, Stephen Scharf, Fred Faloona et al. Order of authorship in the original paper was Saiki, Scharf, Faloona, Mullis.... In 1993 the Nobel Prize in Chemist…
1985
#11060
Structure of the protein subunit in the photosynthetic reaction centre of Rhodopseudomonas viridis at 3 Å resolution.
Discovery of the three-dimensional structure of a protein complex found in certain photosynthetic bacteria, called the photosynthetic reaction center. This was the first elucidation of the 3D crystal structure of any …
1985
#14339
Filamentous fusion phage: Novel expression vectors that display cloned antigens on the virion surface.
In this paper Smith invented "phage display technology," a technique where a specific protein sequence is artifically inserted into the coat protein gene of a bacteriophage, causing the protein to be expressed on the …
1987
#13931
Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells.
In 2007 Capecchi shared the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of em…
1987
#13940
Targeted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells.
Smithies discovered, simultaneously with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans, the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previ…
1989
#12653
Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome.
In this paper Houghton and colleagues named “hepatitis C” for the first time. They cloned and isolated the viral RNA genome and demonstrated that a patient who had high antibodies to a ‘native/wild strain’, reacted sp…
1990
#14340
Phage antibodies: Filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains.
Working in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge University, Winter became interested in the idea that all antibodies have the same basic structure, with only small changes making them specific for one targ…
1991
#13930
A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: A molecular basis for odor recognition.
"In their landmark paper published in 1991, Buck and Axel cloned olfactory receptors, showing that they belong to the family of G protein coupled receptors. By analyzing rat DNA, they estimated that there were approxi…
1992
#14268
Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death.
Honjo discovered the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). This discovery significantly contributed to the establishment of cancer immunotherapy principle by PD-1 blockade. Order of authorship in the original public…
1993
#14010
The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14.
Ambros and colleagues discovered the first known microRNA (miRNA), a small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecule (containing about 22 nucleotides) found in plants, animals and some viruses, that functions in RNA sil…
1993
#14301
Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans.
The authors cloned and generated the sequence of the lin-14 gene. They discovered that a segment in lin-14 mRNA (messenger RNA), was necessary for its inhibition by lin-4. Ruvkun and Ambros (No. 14010) then compared r…
1993
#14341
Tuning the activity of an enzyme for unusual environments: Sequential random mutagenesis of subtilisin E for catalysis in dimethylformamide.
Arnold introduced a biochemical molecule manipulating technique to mimic the process of natural selection in creating new enzymes adapted to a specific catalytic reaction. She directed evolution of subtilisin E to obt…
1994
#13564
Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression.
Chalfie and colleagues showed that the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, could be used as a visible marker for protein localization and expression in vivo, in bacteria and worm cell…
1994
#14261
Ultrastructural analysis of the autophagic process in yeast: detection of autophagosomes and their characterization.
Order of authorship in the original publication: Baba, M., Takeshige, Baba, N., Ohsumi. In 2016 Oshuni received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy."
1994
#14314
Structure at 2.8 Â resolution of F1-ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria.
Walker used X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of ATP synthase (ATPase or adenosine triphosphatase). In 1997 Walker shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Paul Boyer and Jens C. Skou “for their elucida…
1995
#14269
Purification and characterization of hypoxia-indicible factor 1.
Semenza and postdoctoral fellow Guang Wang discovered transcription factor HIF-1, a transcription factor that responds to decreases in available oxygen in the cellular environment, or hypoxia. IN 2019 Semenza shared t…
1996
#13565
Crystal structure of Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein.
Tsien and colleagues published the crystal structure of the 238 A.A. long green fluorescent protein (GFP). With this data, the authors could determine what had to be modified within the protein in such a way that the …
1996
#14252
Toward a molecular definition of long-term memory storage.
"Abstract: The storage of long-term memory is associated with a cellular program of gene expression, altered protein synthesis, and the growth of new synaptic connections. Recent studies of a variety of memory process…
1996
#14267
Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade.
In the early 1990s James Allison showed that CTLA-4 acts as an inhibitory molecule to restrict T-cell responses. In 1996, Allison was the first to show that antibody blockade of a T-cell inhibitory molecule (known as …
1997
#13541
Transmission of hepatitis C by intrahepatic inoculation with transcribed RNA.
Rice and colleagues constructed a viral RNA genome with the 3’ region and a consensus region to exclude potential inactivating mutations, which was then injected into the liver of chimps. That RNA, specifically encode…
1997
#14274
The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway.
"Abstract: Capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in ‘hot’ chilli peppers, elicits a sensation of burning pain by selectively activating sensory neurons that convey information about noxious stimuli to the central ner…
1998
#12112
Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: Mutations in the Tlr4 gene.
Order of authorship in the original paper: Poltorak, Smirnova...Beutler. The authors, led by Beutler, showed that mice that harbor a mutation of the gene which codes for the production of the Toll-like receptor TLR4 q…
1998
#13957
Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.
The authors reported that tiny snippets of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) effectively shut down specific genes, driving the destruction of messenger RNA (mRNA) with sequences matching the dsRNA. As a result, the mRNA can…
1998
#14251
DARPP-32: Regulator of the efficacy of dopaminergic neurotransmission.
"Greengard's research focused on events inside the neuron caused by neurotransmitters. Specifically, Greengard and his fellow researchers studied the behavior of second messenger cascades that transform the docking of…
1998
#14332
The structure of the potassium channel: Molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity.
The authors determined the first high resolution structure of an ion channel, called KcsA from the bacterium Streptomyces lividans. The structure that they revealed was perfectly adapted to allow entry of potassium io…
1999
#14233
Médecins Sans Frontières. Nobel Lecture.
In 1999 Orbinsky accepted the Nobel Peace Prize for Médecins Sans Frontières “in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents." He delivered the organization's Nobel Lecture, av…
1999
#14262
A pdf Neuropeptide gene mutation and ablation of PDF neurons each cause severe abnormalities of behavioral circadian rhythms in Drosophila.
In 2017 Hall shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young “for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm.” Order of authorship in the orig…
1999
#14270
The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygen-dependent proteolysis.
The focus of both Peter Ratcliffe’s and William Kaelin’s work, for which they shared the Nobel Prize with Gregg Semenza, was the relationship between pVHL and HIF. This led to an increased understanding of how cells s…
2000
#13952
Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit.
Ramakrishnan and colleagues determined the complete molecular structure of the 30S subunit of the ribosome and its complexes with several antibiotics. " The Abstract: "Genetic information encoded in messenger RNA is t…
2000
#13953
The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis.
With Poul Nissen, Jeffrey Hansen, Nenad Ban, Peter B. Moore. Steitz shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Ada Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome."
2000
#13982
Architecture of RNA polymerase II and implications for the transcription mechanism.
Kornberg devoted two decades to the development of methods to visualize the atomic structure of RNA polymerase and its associated protein components. Initially, Kornberg took advantage of expertise with lipid membrane…
2000
#14293
Cell surface engineering by a modified Staudinger reaction.
In 2022 Carolyn Bertozzi shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Barry Sharpless and Morten Meldal for discovery of click chemistry. Bertozzi invented a biorthogonal variation of Sharpless and Meldal reactions. In th…
2001
#14273
HIFalpha targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O2 sensing.
Kaelin and colleagues identified aspects of the molecular machinery in Von Hippel-Landau disease that regulates the activity of genes in response to varying levels of oxygen. In 2019 Kaelin shared the Nobel Prize in P…