1896 BECQUEREL, Antoine Henri (1852 – 1908)

Sur les radiations émises par phosphorescence.

The discovery of radioactivity – research stimulated by Roentgen’s discovery of x rays. In 1903 Becquerel received half of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered …

GMN 2001 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/4181

1958 KENDREW, Sir John Cowdery (1917 – 1997); DINTZIS, Howard M.

A three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by x-ray analysis.

Initial paper on the first solution of the three-dimensional molecular structure of a protein. Computing the molecular structure in 3 dimensions was possible through the use of the Cambridge EDSAC stored-program elect…

GMN 6911 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/9076

1963 CORMACK, Allan McLeod (1924 – 1998)

Representation of a Function by its Line Integrals, with Some Radiological Applications.

Cormack showed that changes in tissue density could be computed from x-ray data. Because of limitations in computing power no machine was constructed during the 1960s. Cormack's papers generated little interest until …

GMN 8149 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/10325

1966 GURDON, Sir John Bertrand (1933 – ); UEHLINGER, V.

"Fertile" intestine nuclei.

Gurdon and Uehlinger replaced the cell nucleus of frog ova with frog intestinal nuclei to generate tadpoles, some of which became fertile adult male and female frogs. In 2012 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine …

GMN 14064 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/16375

1973 HOUNSFIELD, Sir Godfrey Newbold (1919 – 2004)

Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography).

Hounsfield invented computer-assisted tomography (CAT), or computed tomography (CT). In 1979 Hounsfield shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Allen M. Cormack "for the development of computer assisted …

GMN 2700.4 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/4340

1981 EVANS, Sir Martin John (1941 – ); KAUFFMAN, Matthew H. (1942 – 2013)

Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos.

Evans and Kauffman were the first to identify, isolate and successfully culture embryonic stem cells using mouse blastocysts. This discovery opened the doors to the creation of “murine genetic models” -- mice that hav…

GMN 13285 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/15551

1987 CAPECCHI, Mario Ramberg (1937 – ); THOMAS, Kirk R.

Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells.

In 2007 Capecchi shared the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of em…

GMN 13931 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/16226

1987 SMITHIES, Oliver (1925 – 2017); DOETSCHMAN, Thomas C.; GREGG, Ronald G.; ET AL

Targeted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Smithies discovered, simultaneously with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans, the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previ…

GMN 13940 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/16237

1990 WINTER, Sir Gregory Paul (1951 – ); MCCAFFERTY, John; GRIFFITHS, Andrew D.; CHISWELL, David J.

Phage antibodies: Filamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains.

Working in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge University, Winter became interested in the idea that all antibodies have the same basic structure, with only small changes making them specific for one targ…

GMN 14340 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/16669

2003 BAKER, David (1962 – ); KUHLMAN, Brian A.; DANTAS, Gautam; IRETON, Gregory C.; VARANI, Gabriele; ET AL

Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy.

Called, "the breakthrough in computational de novo protein design." This was the proof of concept paper that computers and AI could be used to predict protein structures accurately and much faster than with convention…

GMN 14300 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/16625

2006 YAMANAKA, Shinya (1962 – ); TAKAHASHI, Kazutoshi

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

Takahashi and Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. This they a…

GMN 13287 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/15553

2021 EVANS, Richard; JUMPER, John; HASSABIS, Demis (1976 – ); ET AL

Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold.

Abstract: "Proteins are essential to life, and understanding their structure can facilitate a mechanistic understanding of their function. Through an enormous experimental effort1,2,3,4, the structures of around 100,0…

GMN 14026 · https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/16333