Historical Bibliography Updated: July 14, 2026

Closed-chest cardiac massage.

KOUWENHOVEN, William Bennett (1886 – 1975) Wikipedia

JUDE, James R. (1928 – 2015) Wikipedia

KNICKERBOCKER, G. Guy (1932 – 2022)

& et al.

J. Amer. med. Assoc., 173, 1064-67. 1960.

Kouwenhoeven and colleagues developed closed-chest cardiac massage without thoracotomy. Kouwenhoeven has been called "the father of cardiopulmonary resuscitation."

Facet Tags

Internal, Emergency & Geriatric

Subjects

Emergency Medicine Emergency Medicine › Resuscitation Resuscitation

Catalog Metadata	Reference Information
Entry Number	#2883.4
Permanent Link	https://beta.historyofmedicine.com/id/4266
Author Bio Link	Wikipedia ↗
External URL	closedchest-cardiac-massage